Библиотека нематериального культурного наследия Республики Башкортостан
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TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURE OF FELT PRODUCTS BY CRAFTSWOMEN OF

THE VILLAGE OF BURANGULOVO OF THE ABZELILOVSKY DISTRICT

OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

FELT IS NOT ONLY VALENKI (FELT BOOTS)



FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL THE LEADING PLACE IN

THE BASHKIR HOUSEHOLD BELONGED TO FELT.

It was widely used in everyday life and in many traditional rituals. Wool
processing was carried out not only by nomadic, but also by sedentary Bashkirs,
in whose household sheep breeding played a large role. The ancient skills of making felt by hand are still preserved in the southern Bashkir villages.

FELT OCCUPIED A SIGNIFICANT PLACE IN THE LIFE OF BASHKIRS.

Not only valenki

It was used to cover the walls and the dome of the yurt: it not only warmed
the dwelling of the inhabitants of the steppe, but also protected from the scorching sun, heavy rains, winds and hurricanes. Later, with the transition of Bashkirs to sedentary lifestyle, the floor and plank bed in houses were covered with felt mats.

Prayer mats, shabracks, cases, saddlebags were made of felt. Patterned felt mats, along with shabracks, blankets and pillows stacked in piles, were placed on painted wooden stands or
chests, bringing a special comfort to the Bashkir home.
Felt was also used in the manufacture of clothing and hats.

Felt products.

Village of Burangulovo of the Abzelilovsky district, House of felt.

Photo by V. Utarbayeva, 2019

For the manufacture of felt intended for covering yurts and used as a bedding material the ancient Bashkirs used sheep wool of autumn shearing, which was
rolled out easier and densified well. According to researchers, for the production
of large felts wool was collected for several seasons or ready-made felt mats were bought, for example, from the Kazakhs. Small patterned felt mats and wedding shabracks were made of homogeneous soft wool. Special soft felt mats were
used as a bedding, for which the wool was laid in three layers: first a layer
of autumn wool was laid, then spring wool, afterwards autumn wool again.

Samples of finished products
CEREMONIAL AND FESTIVE PRODUCTS, PRIMARILY WEDDING ONES,

WERE DISTINGUISHED BY THEIR BEAUTY AND ELEGANCE.

Felt dowry
The composition of the dowry in the southern and eastern villages

of Bashkortostan traditionally included one-color and patterned felts.

A felt-based wedding shabrack
was laid under the saddle of
an elegantly caparisoned horse. It
was called serge or sergetysh, and
a rug – kyzyl tyushek – was thrown over the saddle. The chest with the bride's belongings was also covered with
a colorful felt.
In some districts of Bashkortostan
the ancient custom of laying white felt under the feet of the bride at the moment of her arrival at the groom's house has been preserved to this day. Upon arrival of the bride her mother-in-law invited her to go into the room and sit on the felt-covered plank bed.
According to researchers, these
actions go back centuries and are explained by the magical power of felt: «Sitting on the felt of the bride guaranteed, first of all, the successful achievement of the direct purpose
of creating a family – procreation».
Modern felt
Currently the culture of felting is on the rise.

Training seminars, including travelling ones,
master classes, exhibitions, publications in the media,
TV programs had a beneficial effect on the spread
and development of felting in Bashkortostan.
Seminar on the technology of manufacturing felt products in

the village of Burangulovo of the Abzelilovsky district, 2005

The Republican Center of Folk Art of the Republic of Bashkortostan
has been holding open seminars, practical courses of the exhibition center «Tamga» on the manufacture of felt and felt products since 2002 in the Abzelilovsky district.

Since 1990 a felt laboratory and then the Center for artistic felt, which became a training school for professional masters and teachers of arts and crafts for the republic and the country in the whole, have been organized at the Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after Miftakhetdin Akmulla. A special course «Artistic felt» was developed.

Felt products.

Village of Burangulovo of the Abzelilovsky district, House of felt.

Photo by V. Utarbayeva, 2019

In 2007 a textbook of the same name was published,
which presents a rich working material accumulated over the years of experimental, creative and educational work.

The revival, preservation and enrichment
of folk traditions in the field of felt art is
an important phenomenon of the
cultural life of the region.
Every year a scientific and practical seminar of artistic felt is held in the Republic
of Bashkortostan. At these seminars folk craftsmen transfer their rich experience in creating felt products. It is important that the participants of such events not only observe the process of creating felt, but also, having absorbed folk traditions, subsequently creatively implement them: they
become direct creators of new products of high artistic and aesthetic significance.

References:


1. Akhmerov R. B. (1996). Ob istokakh dekorativno-prikladnogo iskusstva bashkirskogo naroda [About the origins of the arts and crafts of the Bashkir people]. Ufa: Kitap, 60 p. (in Russian).
2. Avizhanskaya S. A., Bikbulatov N. V., Kuzeyev R. G. (1964). Dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo bashkir [Arts and crafts of the Bashkirs]. Ufa: [s. n.], 260 p. (in Russian).
3. Davletshina Z. M. (2008). Izgotovlenie voiloka u yugo-vostochnykh bashkir (istoriya i sovremennost') [Manufacture of felt among the southeastern Bashkirs (history and modernity)]. In: F. G. Galiyeva (ed.). Material'naya kul'tura bashkir i narodov Uralo-Povolzh'ya: materialy Mezhregional'noi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii, posvyashchennoi 70-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Mirzy Gizitdinovicha Mullagulova [Material culture of Bashkirs and peoples of the Ural-Volga region: materials of the Interregional scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the birth of Mirza Gizitdinovich Mullagulov]. Ufa: Gilem, pp. 122–136 (in Russian).
4. Kuzeyev R. G., Bikbulatov N. V., Shitova S. N. (1979). Dekorativnoe tvorchestvo bashkirskogo naroda [Decorative creativity of the Bashkir people]. Ufa: [s. n.], 244 p. (in Russian).
5. Mertvishchev Yu. I., Sukonnikov S. E. (1990). Tekhnologiya i oborudovanie valyal'no-voilochnogo proizvodstva [Technology and equipment of felting]. Moscow: Legprombytizdat, 350 p. (in Russian).
6. Rudenko S. I. (1955). Bashkiry. Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki [The Bashkirs. Historical and ethnographic essays]. Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 394 p. (in Russian).
7. Shakurov R. Z. (ed.) (1996). Bashkortostan: kratkaya entsiklopediya [Bashkortostan: a short encyclopedia]. Ufa: Bashkirskaya entsiklopediya, 672 p. (in Russian).
8. Shitova S. N., Nikonorova E. E., Akhatova F. G. (eds.) (2002). Bashkirskoe narodnoe iskusstvo = Bashkort khalyk sengete [Bashkir folk art]. Ufa: Demiurg, 360 p. (in Russian and Bashkir).
9. Shitova S. N. (2006). Narodnoe iskusstvo: voiloki, kovry i tkani u yuzhnykh bashkir. Etnograficheskie ocherki [Folk art: felts, carpets and fabrics of the southern Bashkirs. Ethnographic essays]. Ufa: Kitap, 200 p. (in Russian).
10. Yanbukhtina A. G. (2006). Dekorativnoe iskusstvo Bashkortostana. XX vek: ot tamgi do avangarda [Decorative art of Bashkortostan. The XX century: from tamga to the avant-garde]. Ufa: Kitap, 224 p. (in Russian).
11. Yevseyeva S. V. (ed.) (1997). Professional'noe dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo Bashkortostana: katalog pervoi respublikanskoi vystavki [Professional arts and crafts of Bashkortostan: catalog of the first republican exhibition]. Ufa: Slovo, 136 p. (in Russian).

Video:

TV movie «Belyi voilok. Seminar v Burangulovo» («White felt. Seminar in Burangulovo»), part 1. Author – S. Surina, 2005 (series of TV programs «Ornament» on the «BST» TV channel). Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX34XtCXQ84